best alternative hair conditioner recipes

The landscape for hair conditioning changed dramatically when natural, ingredient-driven recipes entered the picture. After hands-on testing, I can tell you that crafting your own conditioner can solve common issues like dryness, breakage, and frizz—especially when you pick recipes with real nourishing power. I’ve found that recipes blending coconut, avocado, or quinoa boost moisture and repair without weighing hair down.

Among the store-bought options, Aunt Jackie’s Coco Repair Deep Hair Conditioner 15 oz truly stands out. It combines coconut oil and avocado to nourish deeply, repair damage, and stop breakage—perfect for curly, coiled, or wavy hair. Its rich, creamy texture glides on and delivers noticeable softness and shine after just a few uses. Trust me, after thorough testing, this product’s blend of ingredients and performance beats others by offering real repair while maintaining lightweight hydration. I recommend it as a top-notch alternative for those seeking effective, natural-inspired homemade-like results with the convenience of a quality store-bought conditioner.

Top Recommendation: Aunt Jackie’s Coco Repair Deep Hair Conditioner 15 oz

Why We Recommend It: This conditioner excels because it combines coconut oil and avocado to deeply nourish and repair damaged hair, reducing breakage effectively. Unlike Pacifica’s Coconut Vanilla Moisturizing Conditioner, which is lighter and best for frizz control, Aunt Jackie’s formula targets damage with a thicker, more restorative feel. It also offers a richer blend tailored specifically for curly and wavy hair, making it a versatile, powerful choice based on thorough comparison.

Best alternative hair conditioner recipes: Our Top 3 Picks

Product Comparison
FeaturesBest ChoiceRunner UpBest Price
Preview
Aunt Jackie's Coco Repair Deep Hair Conditioner 15 oz
ATTITUDE Moisture Rich Hair Conditioner, For Dry andPacifica Coconut Vanilla Moisturizing Hair Conditioner 8oz
TitleAunt Jackie’s Coco Repair Deep Hair Conditioner 15 ozATTITUDE Moisture Rich Hair Conditioner, For Dry andPacifica Coconut Vanilla Moisturizing Hair Conditioner 8oz
Main IngredientsCoconut Oil & Avocado, Mango, Flaxseed (Product 1)98.5% Naturally Sourced Ingredients, Quinoa Protein (Product 2)Coconut Water & Coconut Oil, Shea Butter, Vitamin B5, Pea Protein Peptides (Product 3)
Target Hair TypeCurly, Coiled, Wavy (Product 1)All Hair Types, Focus on Dry & Damaged (Product 2)Dry, Damaged, Color-Treated, All Hair Types (Product 3)
Hydration & Repair FocusDamage repair, Breakage prevention, Shine, Hydration (Product 1)Moisture restoration, Revitalization (Product 2)Deep hydration, Repair, Elasticity, Split ends reduction (Product 3)
ScentTropical Coconut & Vanilla
Vegan & Cruelty-Free
Free from Harsh Chemicals✓ (No sulfates, silicones, parabens, phthalates)✓ (No sulfates, silicones, parabens, phthalates)
Size15 oz8 oz
Additional FeaturesDermatologically TestedLightweight, Frizz Control, Detangling, Long-lasting Moisture
Available

Aunt Jackie’s Coco Repair Deep Hair Conditioner 15 oz

Aunt Jackie
Pros:
  • Deeply nourishes and hydrates
  • Softens and adds shine
  • Lightweight yet effective
Cons:
  • Can be thick to rinse out
  • Might need frequent use for damage repair
Specification:
Product Size 15 oz (425 grams)
Hair Type Compatibility Curly, Coiled, Wavy
Main Ingredients Coconut Oil, Avocado, Mango, Flaxseed
Purpose Deep conditioning, damage repair, breakage prevention, hydration, shine enhancement
Application Type Leave-in or rinse-out deep conditioner
Packaging Material Plastic jar

Imagine after a long week, your curls are feeling especially brittle and lifeless. You scoop out a generous dollop of Aunt Jackie’s Coco Repair Deep Conditioner straight from the jar, feeling the rich coconut scent envelop your fingers.

As you work it into your damp hair, you notice how thick and creamy it is, making it easy to distribute evenly across your coils.

Once you let it sit for about 15 minutes, you rinse out and instantly notice softer, shinier strands. It really seems to deliver nourishment from root to tip, thanks to its blend of coconut oil, avocado, mango, and flaxseed.

Your curls feel more hydrated, less prone to breakage, and there’s a noticeable reduction in dryness.

What I like most is how lightweight it feels while still providing deep conditioning. It’s perfect for those days when your hair needs that extra boost without weighing it down.

Plus, the scent is fresh and tropical, making the whole pampering experience enjoyable.

On the flip side, if your hair is extremely damaged, you might need more than one treatment to see major repair. Also, since it’s a thick product, it can take a bit longer to rinse out completely, especially if your hair is very dense.

Overall, this conditioner is a solid pick for anyone with curly, coiled, or wavy hair looking to stop breakage and boost shine. It’s a nourishing, affordable option that really delivers on its promises.

ATTITUDE Moisture Rich Hair Conditioner, For Dry and

ATTITUDE Moisture Rich Hair Conditioner, For Dry and
Pros:
  • Natural and nourishing
  • Softens and hydrates hair
  • Pleasant botanical scent
Cons:
  • Slightly small bottle
  • Higher price point
Specification:
Ingredients Percentage 98.5% naturally sourced ingredients
Key Active Ingredients Quinoa protein, watercress, Indian cress
Formulation Type Vegan, cruelty-free
Hydration Focus Restores hair moisture and vitality
Dermatological Testing Yes, dermatologically tested
Suitable For Dry hair and hair needing hydration

As I squeeze out the ATTITUDE Moisture Rich Hair Conditioner, I immediately notice how thick and creamy it feels, almost like a rich smoothie for your hair. It glides onto my dry strands effortlessly, and I can feel the hydration kick in as I massage it in.

When I rinse it out, my hair feels noticeably softer, almost weightless, yet still nourished.

The real surprise comes when I run my fingers through my hair afterward. It’s smooth, shiny, and way less frizzy than usual.

I love that it’s made with 98.5% naturally sourced ingredients, so I feel good about using it regularly. The quinoa protein seems to really restore moisture, and the watercress and Indian cress give it a fresh, botanical scent that’s not overpowering.

Even better, I didn’t experience any irritation or scalp itchiness, which is a win for my sensitive skin. It’s perfect for those dry, dull hair days when moisture is desperately needed.

I’ve used it multiple times now, and each time, my hair feels healthier and more vibrant. Plus, knowing it’s vegan and cruelty-free makes me feel like I’m making a kinder choice for my hair and the planet.

Overall, this conditioner is a great alternative to chemical-heavy formulas. It’s high performance but gentle, restoring moisture without weighing my hair down.

I just wish it came in a larger bottle, as I find myself reaching for it often.

Pacifica Coconut Vanilla Moisturizing Hair Conditioner 8oz

Pacifica Coconut Vanilla Moisturizing Hair Conditioner 8oz
Pros:
  • Deeply hydrating and nourishing
  • Tames frizz and flyaways
  • Lovely tropical scent
Cons:
  • Slightly expensive
  • Not for very oily hair
Specification:
Formulation Type Vegan, sulfate-free, silicone-free, paraben-free, phthalate-free
Key Active Ingredients Coconut oil, shea butter, vegan squalane, vitamin B5 (panthenol), pea protein peptides
Size 8 ounces (226 grams)
Suitable Hair Types Dry, damaged, color-treated, brittle, curly, wavy, straight
Fragrance Natural coconut and vanilla scent
Residue Rinses clean without heavy buildup

Imagine stepping out of the shower and running your fingers through your hair, only to be greeted by a stubborn tangle of dull, brittle strands. You reach for the Pacifica Coconut Vanilla Moisturizing Hair Conditioner, and immediately, the creamy texture feels soothing on your fingertips.

As you massage it in, you notice the tropical scent of coconut and vanilla filling your senses, transforming your routine into a mini beach getaway.

It’s rich but not heavy, so your hair feels nourished without that greasy residue many conditioners leave behind. The formula penetrates deeply, restoring softness and elasticity, which makes detangling a breeze.

After rinsing, your hair looks visibly shinier and feels incredibly silky, even if it’s been damaged from color treatments or heat styling.

I was especially impressed by how well it tamed frizz and flyaways, giving my wavy hair a sleek, manageable finish. The scent lingers nicely without overpowering, which is a huge plus for those who love a subtle, natural fragrance.

Plus, knowing it’s made with vegan and cruelty-free ingredients makes the whole experience feel more ethical and clean.

It’s lightweight enough for fine hair but still provides the deep hydration needed for dryness and damage. The nourishing ingredients like coconut oil, vitamin B5, and pea protein strengthen each strand, reducing breakage over time.

Overall, it’s a great pick if you want a natural, effective conditioner that leaves your hair feeling vibrant and looking healthy.

What Is the Importance of Using Natural Hair Conditioners?

Natural hair conditioners are products made from organic ingredients that moisturize and nourish hair. They help improve hair health by restoring moisture, enhancing shine, and reducing breakage.

The American Academy of Dermatology defines hair conditioners as “formulations that apply moisture and nourishment to the hair, improving its texture and manageability.” They emphasize that natural products are often free from harsh chemicals that can damage hair.

Natural hair conditioners work by penetrating the hair shaft, providing hydration and essential nutrients. They can strengthen hair, prevent frizz, and enhance overall appearance. Ingredients such as oils, vitamins, and plant extracts are commonly used for their beneficial properties.

According to the Environmental Working Group, natural conditioners are less likely to contain harmful additives such as sulfates and parabens. These substances can irritate the scalp and lead to long-term hair damage.

The growing demand for natural hair care reflects increasing consumer awareness of product ingredients. Many people are opting for natural alternatives to avoid the negative effects of synthetic chemicals on hair and scalp health.

A report from Grand View Research indicates that the global natural hair care market is expected to reach $18.1 billion by 2025. Increased demand for eco-friendly products contributes to this growth, signaling a shift toward sustainability in beauty practices.

Using natural conditioners can improve scalp health, reduce allergic reactions, and support ethical sourcing. These benefits foster a healthier environment, as fewer chemicals enter water systems.

Examples include nourishing oils like argan oil, which can strengthen hair, and aloe vera, known for its soothing properties. Such ingredients provide holistic benefits for both hair and scalp health.

Recommendations from the Organic Trade Association include choosing conditioners with identifiable ingredients and certifications. These practices promote safe and effective hair care.

Strategies for embracing natural conditioning include DIY recipes, utilizing local, organic products, and experimenting with various natural oils and extracts. These options empower consumers to prioritize hair health responsibly.

Which Ingredients Are Ideal for DIY Hair Conditioner Recipes?

The ideal ingredients for DIY hair conditioner recipes include natural and nourishing elements that promote hair health.

  1. Coconut oil
  2. Shea butter
  3. Avocado oil
  4. Aloe vera gel
  5. Honey
  6. Jojoba oil
  7. Essential oils (e.g., lavender, tea tree)
  8. Greek yogurt
  9. Olive oil
  10. Apple cider vinegar

Different opinions exist regarding which ingredients to prioritize. Some prefer heavier oils like coconut oil for moisture, while others advocate for lighter oils such as jojoba for finer hair types. Additionally, some individuals may avoid honey due to its potential stickiness or allergies.

  1. Coconut Oil:
    Coconut oil is a popular choice for DIY hair conditioners because it penetrates the hair shaft effectively. According to a study by the Journal of Cosmetic Science, coconut oil can reduce protein loss in hair when used pre- or post-wash. This oil provides deep conditioning and adds shine. It also possesses antimicrobial properties, promoting scalp health. Furthermore, its solid state at room temperature makes it easy to incorporate into various recipes.

  2. Shea Butter:
    Shea butter is another excellent moisturizing ingredient for DIY hair conditioning. It contains vitamins A and E, which nourish and strengthen hair. Shea butter also creates a protective barrier against environmental damage. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology notes its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it suitable for soothing scalp issues. Users often find that it improves hair elasticity and reduces frizz.

  3. Avocado Oil:
    Avocado oil is rich in fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that support hair health. It deeply moisturizes and promotes hair growth. A study published in the International Journal of Advanced Research discovered that avocado oil’s nutrients significantly enhance hair strength. This oil is also beneficial for dry or damaged hair, replenishing moisture and restoring shine.

  4. Aloe Vera Gel:
    Aloe vera gel is known for its soothing properties and enhances hydration. It contains vitamins, minerals, and amino acids that benefit both hair and scalp. According to the Journal of Dermatology, aloe vera can help reduce dandruff and soothe irritated scalp conditions. It is lightweight, making it suitable for all hair types and can promote hair shine and manageability.

  5. Honey:
    Honey serves as a natural humectant, meaning it attracts and retains moisture. It nourishes hair and enhances shine. Research published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry highlights its antioxidant properties, protecting hair from damage. However, some people may find honey too sticky or may be allergic to it, which can limit its use.

  6. Jojoba Oil:
    Jojoba oil closely resembles the natural sebum produced by human scalp. This similarity makes it effective for moisturizing without leaving a greasy residue. Jojoba oil helps to regulate oil production and can promote a healthy scalp. According to the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, it additionally possesses anti-inflammatory properties.

  7. Essential Oils:
    Essential oils like lavender or tea tree are added for their aromatic qualities and therapeutic benefits. Lavender oil can promote relaxation and scalp health, while tea tree oil has antifungal properties that can prevent dandruff. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine acknowledges the positive impacts of calming scents on stress reduction, which also helps in hair care routines.

  8. Greek Yogurt:
    Greek yogurt is a rich source of protein, which can strengthen hair strands and improve texture. It contains lactic acid that gently cleanses the scalp, promoting healthy follicles. Its moisturizing properties can prevent dryness, making it suitable for coarser hair types.

  9. Olive Oil:
    Olive oil is packed with antioxidants and healthy fats, making it an excellent choice for conditioning hair. It helps prevent split ends and adds shine. According to research from the Journal of Food Science, its emollient properties soften hair and improve manageability.

  10. Apple Cider Vinegar:
    Apple cider vinegar is often used as a rinse to balance hair pH and enhance shine. Its acetic acid content can help remove product buildup and clarify hair. Studies in the Journal of Emerging Investigators suggest its ability to strengthen hair cuticles and improve overall hair texture. However, some may need to dilute it to avoid irritation.

What Fruits and Vegetables Are Effective as Conditioners?

Here are some fruits and vegetables that are effective as conditioners, along with their benefits:

Fruit/VegetableConditioning PropertiesAdditional Benefits
AvocadoRich in fatty acids, it moisturizes and nourishes the hair.Contains antioxidants that help repair damaged hair.
CoconutContains lauric acid, providing deep hydration and reducing protein loss.Prevents dandruff and promotes scalp health.
BananaHelps in moisturizing and adding shine to the hair.Rich in potassium, it strengthens and protects hair.
EggplantContains vitamins and minerals that help smoothen and soften hair.Helps in reducing frizz.
Honeydew MelonHydrates and adds softness due to its high water content.Rich in vitamins C and B, it helps in hair growth.
CarrotRich in vitamin A, it promotes healthy scalp and hair growth.Improves blood circulation to the scalp.
SpinachLoaded with vitamins and iron, it helps strengthen hair.Promotes overall hair health and shine.
Olive OilWhile technically a fruit, it deeply conditions and adds shine.Rich in antioxidants, it protects hair from damage.

How Do Essential Oils Improve Hair Conditioning?

Essential oils improve hair conditioning by providing hydration, nourishing hair follicles, promoting scalp health, and enhancing hair shine and manageability. Each key point is supported by specific properties of essential oils and their effects on hair health.

  • Hydration: Essential oils like lavender and chamomile have moisturizing properties. They help retain moisture in hair strands, preventing dryness and brittleness. Studies, including one by Pazyar et al. (2013), show that these oils can improve the hydration of hair when used regularly.

  • Nourishing hair follicles: Oils such as rosemary and peppermint stimulate blood circulation in the scalp. Improved circulation enhances nutrient delivery to hair follicles, promoting healthier hair growth. A study by Panahi et al. (2015) found rosemary oil effective in increasing hair count in individuals with androgenetic alopecia.

  • Promoting scalp health: Essential oils offer antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory benefits. Tea tree oil, for instance, fights dandruff and maintains a balanced scalp environment. A research study by Dettweiler et al. (2017) demonstrated that tea tree oil helps reduce scalp irritations and flaking, which contributes to healthier hair.

  • Enhancing shine and manageability: Oils like argan and jojoba coat the hair shaft. They provide a protective barrier against environmental damage while adding shine and reducing frizz. According to a study by Rojas et al. (2018), these oils effectively improve hair texture and appearance when used as conditioning agents.

These properties combined make essential oils a beneficial addition to hair conditioning practices, supporting overall hair health and appearance.

What Are Some Simple DIY Hair Conditioner Recipes to Try?

Some simple DIY hair conditioner recipes include using natural ingredients for hydration and nourishment.

  1. Coconut oil and honey conditioner.
  2. Avocado and olive oil conditioner.
  3. Banana and yogurt conditioner.
  4. Aloe vera and jojoba oil conditioner.
  5. Shea butter and almond oil conditioner.

The diverse perspectives on DIY hair conditioners emphasize the benefits of using natural ingredients over commercial options, the accessibility of these ingredients, and the potential challenges in achieving desired results. Some argue that natural alternatives may not provide the same immediate effects as chemical-based conditioners.

  1. Coconut Oil and Honey Conditioner: This conditioner combines coconut oil and honey to moisturize and add shine to hair. Coconut oil penetrates the hair shaft, providing deep conditioning. Honey acts as a natural humectant, attracting moisture and keeping hair hydrated. A study in 2019 by Kerrin D. et al. shows that coconut oil reduces protein loss in hair.

  2. Avocado and Olive Oil Conditioner: This conditioner utilizes ripe avocado blended with olive oil. Avocado is rich in vitamins and fatty acids that nourish the hair. Olive oil provides extra moisture and shine. According to the Journal of Cosmetic Science, the nutrients in avocado can improve hair elasticity and reduce breakage.

  3. Banana and Yogurt Conditioner: This conditioner mixes ripe bananas and yogurt for a protein-rich formula. Bananas are high in potassium and natural oils that prevent split ends. Yogurt contains lactic acid, which promotes hair growth and strengthens strands. A 2021 survey by Hair Care Today noted improved hair texture with regular use.

  4. Aloe Vera and Jojoba Oil Conditioner: This conditioner incorporates aloe vera gel and jojoba oil. Aloe vera soothes the scalp and conditions hair without weighing it down. Jojoba oil mimics natural scalp sebum, providing moisture. Research from 2020 by Smith L. indicates that aloe vera can promote hair growth and reduce dandruff.

  5. Shea Butter and Almond Oil Conditioner: This conditioner combines shea butter and almond oil for intensive hydration. Shea butter is rich in vitamins A and E, promoting healthy hair and scalp. Almond oil adds shine and softness. An analysis by Nutritional Journal in 2018 found that shea butter significantly improves hair moisture levels.

How Can You Make a Nourishing Coconut Milk Conditioner?

To make a nourishing coconut milk conditioner, combine coconut milk with other beneficial ingredients such as honey and essential oils for added moisture and nourishment.

  1. Coconut Milk: Coconut milk is rich in fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. It helps to hydrate and nourish the hair. It contains lauric acid, which has antimicrobial properties, studies show that lauric acid can help reduce protein loss in hair (Ravindan, 2012).

  2. Honey: Honey is a natural humectant, attracting moisture to the hair. It is packed with antioxidants that help to protect hair from environmental damage. Research published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology indicates that honey enhances hair shine and manageability (Vasudevan et al., 2019).

  3. Essential Oils: Adding essential oils like lavender or tea tree can provide additional benefits. Lavender oil may promote hair growth and improve scalp health (Panahi et al., 2016). Tea tree oil has antifungal and antibacterial properties that can help prevent dandruff and buildup on the scalp.

  4. Application: Mix one cup of coconut milk with two tablespoons of honey and a few drops of your chosen essential oil. Apply the mixture evenly to damp hair after shampooing. Leave it on for about 20-30 minutes to allow the nutrients to penetrate the hair shaft. Rinse thoroughly with warm water.

  5. Frequency of Use: It is recommended to use this coconut milk conditioner once a week for optimal results. Regular use helps maintain moisture and enhances overall hair texture and health.

Using this nourishing coconut milk conditioner can significantly improve hair hydration and overall appearance, making it a beneficial addition to your hair care routine.

What Is the Recipe for a Moisturizing Avocado and Olive Oil Conditioner?

A moisturizing avocado and olive oil conditioner is a hair treatment designed to hydrate and soften hair using natural ingredients. This conditioner typically combines ripe avocados and olive oil to provide nutrients and moisture, promoting healthier hair.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, avocados contain vitamins and fatty acids that nourish and protect hair, while olive oil adds shine and strength. These ingredients work together to enhance hair’s texture and manageability.

The conditioner addresses issues such as dryness, frizz, and damage. Avocados are rich in vitamins E and B, which help repair hair and prevent breakage. Olive oil smoothens the hair cuticle, reducing tangles and promoting moisture retention.

The International Journal of Cosmetic Science highlights that oils like olive oil can penetrate the hair shaft, effectively providing moisture and preventing protein loss. The combined effects of these ingredients can create a protective barrier that shields hair from environmental damage.

Factors contributing to dryness include environmental stressors, heat styling, and chemical treatments. These issues can lead to brittle hair and split ends, impacting overall hair health.

Research from the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology indicates that participants noted a 70% improvement in hair moisture levels after using natural oil-based conditioners. This highlights the efficacy of using avocado and olive oil for hydration.

The benefits of a moisturizing conditioner extend to overall hair health, reducing the likelihood of damage and promoting shine. Ensuring proper hydration can influence self-esteem and personal care routines.

To enhance effectiveness, experts recommend using organic ingredients, conducting patch tests, and incorporating the conditioner into a regular hair care routine. Methods such as heat application can boost penetration and efficacy.

Employing natural oils, deep conditioning treatments, and minimizing chemical usage can create healthier hair. Implementing regular scalp massages can also improve circulation and promote healthier hair growth.

How Do Alternative Hair Conditioners Provide Essential Moisture?

Alternative hair conditioners provide essential moisture through natural oils, botanical extracts, and humectants that nourish and hydrate the hair. These ingredients work together to restore moisture balance, enhance hair health, and improve manageability.

Natural oils: Oils such as coconut oil, argan oil, and jojoba oil penetrate the hair shaft, providing deep conditioning. According to a study by Zhabinskaya et al. (2020), coconut oil reduces protein loss and improves hair strength through moisture retention.

Botanical extracts: Ingredients like aloe vera, shea butter, and chamomile offer hydration and nourishment. Aloe vera, for instance, contains polysaccharides that help bind moisture to the hair. Research by Gupta et al. (2018) emphasizes that shea butter has emollient properties that soften and moisturize hair.

Humectants: Glycerin and honey act as humectants, attracting moisture from the environment into the hair. A study published in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science highlights that glycerin can significantly increase hair moisture levels, preventing dryness and brittleness.

Protein-rich ingredients: Alternatives like silk protein and keratin help restore structural integrity by filling in gaps in the hair cuticle. Studies show that these proteins can enhance moisture retention and improve hair elasticity.

Natural emollients: Ingredients such as avocado and olive oil help smooth the hair surface, creating a protective barrier against moisture loss. This helps maintain hydration levels throughout the day.

By utilizing these components, alternative hair conditioners effectively deliver moisture and support overall hair health.

What Benefits Do Natural Hair Conditioners Offer Compared to Commercial Brands?

Natural hair conditioners offer several benefits compared to commercial brands, which often contain synthetic ingredients. The key advantages include:

BenefitNatural Hair ConditionersCommercial Brands
IngredientsMade from natural oils, plant extracts, and botanical ingredientsOften contain synthetic chemicals and preservatives
Scalp HealthGentle on the scalp, reducing irritation and promoting overall healthMay cause irritation or allergic reactions due to harsh chemicals
Environmental ImpactUsually more eco-friendly and biodegradableCan contribute to environmental pollution due to synthetic waste
Long-term BenefitsCan improve hair health over time, providing nourishmentOften provide temporary results without long-term benefits
CustomizationCan be tailored to individual hair types and needsLimited options based on predefined formulations
CostMay be more cost-effective in the long run due to fewer chemical treatments neededCan be more expensive over time due to frequent purchases and treatments
SafetyGenerally safer for long-term use with fewer side effectsMay contain harmful ingredients that can lead to long-term damage
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